Gas Target
| Version | Author | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | D. Hutcheon | Initial Document | 27 September 2002 |
| 1.1 | D. Hutcheon | Hidden valves,shack | 4 April 2007 |
| 1.2 | D. Hutcheon | Leak checking | 27 April 2007 |
| 1.3 | D. Hutcheon | Decadal update | 22 January 2019 |
| 1.4 | A. Lennarz | Transferred to wiki | June 25th, 2025 |
Safety with hydrogen as the target gas
The following is a brief outline of safety considerations. For more details, consult the DRAGON Safety Report.
The strategy for safe operation with hydrogen gas is:
- avoid formation of an explosive mixture of air and hydrogen
- avoid ignition sources at pressures where combustion may take place
Normal operation
When the zeolite cleaning trap is in operation, there is a large inventory of "invisible" hydrogen adsorbed on the zeolite molecular sieve. For a trap inlet pressure (CMTRIN) of 45 Torr the adsorbed hydrogen amounts to 5 litres at STP, while the "free" recirculating hydrogen may be only 15% of this amount. The heat of combustion of this total amount of hydrogen is approximately 50 kJ - enough to raise 5 tonnes a height of 1 m.
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE TARGET OPERATOR KNOWS WHETHER THE TRAP IS COLD AND WHETHER IT IS "LOADED" WITH HYDROGEN.
The correct response to the sonalert alarm from the LN2 automatic filler or from the EPICS system depends upon this knowledge. Therefore:
ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE INVENTORY OF HYDROGEN IN THE CLEANING TRAP MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY AN ENTRY IN THE DRAGON “Equipment Status” elog (https://elog.triumf.ca/Dragon/}.
The entry should indicate trap status (warm/cold), estimated hydrogen inventory.. The 6-litre Buffer Tank should be used to control the amount of gas loaded into the trap. The number of 50-Torr "loads" from the Inlet Buffer Tank should be tallied during an initial fill of the trap. Any large deviation from the expected 15-20 "loads" to reach approx. 45 Torr pressure must be investigated and the problem fixed.
(During tuning for a new beam energy it is common for ISAC Operations to request that gas be removed from the DRAGON target. Each time that this is done, some of the "free" circulating hydrogen is lost. It is convenient to replenish the supply by adding 1 or 2 "loads" of gas through the Inlet Buffer Tank when the target cell is again filled with recirculating gas. This is considered a routine operation which need not be reported in the Equipment Status elog)
The purpose of the cleaning trap is to remove air and other impurities from the recirculating hydrogen gas. Thus, when the trap does its job it is almost impossible to detect any small leak of air into the target system. The implications for target operation with a trap are:
- A cold trap which has been loaded with hydrogen should be treated as though it contains air also, in a potentially explosive mixture. An exhaust fan must be running whenever a cold trap contains hydrogen, to allow safe dilution of hydrogen in the event of an unanticipated release from the trap through the pressure relief valve. Normal procedure when the trap is being warmed up is to pump on it with the roughing pump, which vents to the high-air-flow exhaust line.
- Before cooling the trap, it must be checked that any air leaks are less than could amount to 1.5 atm-litre over a 2-week period (assuming a trap will be kept cold no longer than 2 weeks at a time). Possible sources include leaks in the differential pumping stages, in the trap itself or in the buffer tank and gas supply lines. The leak rates should be measured by pumping down the system, then isolating it with the Roots blowers continuing to run; the gauge CMTRIN connects to an effective volume of 12 litres, from which the quantity of gas (leaking or outgassing) may be calculated using an observed rate of increase in CMTRIN. Other sources are HEBT or the DRAGON separator when isolation valves HEBT2:IV8 or DRA:IV11 are open. At an estimated 1000 litre/sec conductance in the beam pipes, the sum of partial pressures of air upstream and downstream of the target should be less than 1E-6 Torr when there is no gas added to the trap.
- Failure of the automatic LN2 filling system or failure of the primary exhaust fan must trigger immediate action, either to fix the fault or to begin controlled warmup of the trap.
Unattended gas target, trap containing absorbed hydrogen
At times it may be desirable for the DRAGON gas target operator to leave the target unattended for a period of many hours. This may be done, provided it is arranged that someone else (e.g. an ISAC Operator) checks the Trap status via Epics at least once every two hours. Of greatest concern is failure to keep the trap cold, for example if an LN2 dewar goes empty or the automatic filling system fails.
Protection of equipment
Equipment upstream of the gas target (HEBT) or downstream (Separator) is protected against excessive gas loads or shock waves from the DRAGON target via the interlock conditions on isolation valves HEBT2:IV8 and DRA:IV11. These require satisfactory readings (low pressure and no error condition) in ion gauges on either side of the valve. Equally, the interlocks protect the gas target against HEBT and the Separator. The interlocks on IV8 and IV11 should never be bypassed, nor should ion gauges IGU3 or IGD4 be operated in a mode where they give spurious indication of high vacuum, due to malfunction.
The Roots blower which operates at the highest pressure does not have any internal bypass. It should not be operated with the pressure at CMTRIN greater than 60 Torr.
Turbo-molecular pumps may be damaged if subjected to a burst of air (or other gas) when they are rotating at high speed. When venting the system after turbos have been on, follow the 'spin-down' operations given in the sections on "venting" below.
Gases of high molecular weight are less efficient than hydrogen or helium at cooling turbo pump rotors. Circulation of such gases at multi-Torr pressures has led to overheating and destruction of turbo pumps.